. He holds that "the primary theme of Atrahasis is the development and then the maintenance of the boundary between the gods and humans" (1981:200). According to him, the key to the interpretation of the “Atra-Hasis Epic” is in the human activity, indicated by the “noise” and the “tumult” that “rob Enlil of sleep and prompt him to command the plague, droughts, and then the flood.” The “crime” was that ofscheming humans noisily planning ways to alter the divinely established order so that their status might become something more than workers for the gods (1981: 204).7Oden therefore holds that the Tower of Babel tale (Gn 11:1–9), in which human aspirations to divine status are so transparent, seems to be “the visual equivalent of the auditory assault of Atrahasis” (1981: 210–11).Whether overpopulation or the guilt of man brought the Flood is still a lively issue in interpreting the epic, as Moran recently pointed out (1987). The similarities between the Genesis account and the “Atra-Hasis Epic” do not support the idea that Genesis is a direct borrowing from the Mesopotamian but do indicate that Mesopotamian materials could have served as models for Genesis 1–11, as Jacobsen holds (1994:141). P.D. Miller also admits that "there were Mesopotamian models that anticipate the structure of Genesis 1–11 as a whole" (1994:150).K.A. Kitchen notes a similar outline, namely “creation-flood-later times,” and a common theme, namely “creation, crisis, continuance of man,” of the “primeval proto-history” in the “Atra-Hasis Epic,” the Sumerian Flood story, and the Sumerian King List, as well as in the Genesis account. He recognizes here a common literary heritage, formulated in each case in Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC (1977: 31). However, there are also many differences between the Mesopotamian traditions and the Genesis account, in addition to the basic concepts of divine-human relationship. According to Jacobsen, the P source of Genesis has a rather pessimistic view of existence, introducing moral judgment on man’s sinfulness, while the “Eridu Genesis” holds “an affirmative and optimistic view” (1994:142). Whether the Genesis viewpoint is pessimistic or not, however, depends on the way scholars treat Genesis 1–11 as a literary whole, a subject to which I will return later.Jacobsen takes the “Eridu Genesis,” as well as the Biblical account (P), neither as a history nor as a myth; he assigns them to a “mytho-historical” genre, since they both have a chronological arrangement along a line of time, with a chain of cause and effect, and show interest in numbers and chronology (1994: 140–141). Miller is supportive of Jacobsen’s view, since the “Eridu Genesis” and “the full shape of Genesis 1–11” (not just the P account) share both “substantial content with typical myths of the ancient Near East” and “features that remind one more of historical chronicles (1994: 148).
Before discussing the theme of primeval protohistory,
I should like to turn our attention to the other literary aspect, namely the structure of Genesis 1–11 as a whole.Literary Structure. Not only does comparative evidence point to the adequacy of treating both the Creation and the Flood together as a unified literary work, but the recent emphasis on the holistic approach8 to “the text in its final form”9 or “the text as it stands” (Oden 1981: 211) leads us to investigate the literary theme and structure of Genesis 1–11 as a whole. Before one seeks the theme of Genesis 1–11, one must decide its structure. For this, the toledot*-formula of Genesis is indicative of the narrative structure in the mind of the author/editor. Thompson’s recent study of the toledot-structure of Genesis is in this regard very important, though his view of a sharp break between Genesis 1–4 and Genesis 5ff. (“The Book of the Toledoth of Adam”) is rather overemphasized (1987: chap. 3). Thompson’s view was most recently challenged by Hess, who argued that “the literary form of Genesis 1–2 is intended to parallel the genealogical doublets of chaps. 4–5 and 10–11” (1990: 150, n. 23).The major problem in deciding the theme and structure of Genesis 1–11 is determining the precise terminus of the “primeval history.” The following suggestions have been made.Creation > Flood (1:1–9:29). In the light of the literary structure of “Creation-Rebellion-Flood” in the “Atra-Hasis Epic,” some scholars have suggested that the primeval history in Genesis stretches from the creation story through the end of the Flood story, namely Genesis 1–9, rather than Genesis 1–11.10 Since the end of chap. 9 follows up the description of Noah in 5:31 and completes the full description of him in the same manner that the other nine patriarchs are described in chap. 5, it is likely that the Flood story in chaps. 6–9 is meant to be a part of a larger literary unit that begins at 5:1, that is, “The Book of the Toledot of Adam.” The Flood story is, so to speak, a detailed description of Noah and his life inserted into the framework of the genealogy of Genesis 5.11Creation > Babel (1:1–11:9). J.M. Sasson recently explained the Tower of Babel story as “a clue to the redactional structuring” of Genesis 1–11. According to him, Genesis 1:1–11:9 is divided into two parts, “from Creation to Noah (10 generations)” and “from the Flood to Abram (10 generations)”; just as the Nephilim story (6:1–8) serves as a concluding remark for the first part, the Babel story (11:1–9) comes at the end of the second part (1994: 456). This division at the end of 6:8 accords with the Biblical toledot-structure; up to that verse the section is “The Book of the Toledot of Adam,” while the section after 6:9 is “The Toledot of Noah.” Coats also thinks that the primeval saga ends with the tale about the tower, since the tale “binds off the series of narratives about the people of the world” (1983: 36). For a different reason, Oden also considers the conclusion of the primeval history to be Genesis 11:1–9, where “human aspirations to divine status are so transparent” (1981: 211).However, the end of the second part, 11:9, does not accord with the end of “The Toledot of Noah” (9:29), though 6:8 does accord with the end of “The Toledot of Adam.” Also, in Sasson’s scheme, the reason for placing Abram in the tenth generation is not clearly demonstrated, since his structure lacks both the genealogical list (11:10–26) and the toledot of Terah (11:27ff.), which refer to Abram himself. Before these sections Abram’s name does not even appear.Creation > Terah (1:1–11:26).12 Some recognize the “Creation-list Flood-list” pattern in Genesis 1–11 and note that just as Noah is the tenth generation from AdRosetta Stone Chinese
2011年3月17日星期四
Accepted location of Syria as the site of the rebellion is in stark contrast to the opinion of Vandersleyen, who states that “the first campaign
encountered a Mitannian spy during the concluding phase of A1, making Aharoni’s conclusion quite believable. When Amenhotep II was passing through the Sharon Plain, a messenger of the King of Mitanni, called the “Prince of Naharin” here, was captured by the Egyptians. This messenger was carrying with him a letter in the form of a clay tablet that hung from his neck like a necklace, which undoubtedly dealt with matters that concerned the Mitanni-inspired rebellion (Ibid.). All of this demonstrates the great importance of this vassal-rebellion, both to Egypt and to Mitanni, as Mitanni was seeking to usurp Egypt’s stranglehold on the prestigious position of the ANE’s dominant super-power. In contrast to all of this international intrigue revolving around A1, A2 was far less significant on an international level and far less illustrious, as will be seen momentarily. 109. Aharoni and Avi-Yonah, The Macmillan Atlas, 34. 110. Grimal, History of Ancient Egypt, 219. 111. Pritchard, ANET, 246. 112. Examples of campaigns launched in spring are plentiful: (1) Thutmose III’s first Asiatic campaign, as he arrived at his first destination (the border fortress of Tjel) on ca. 20 April 1484 BC; (2) Amenhotep II’s first Asiatic campaign, as he arrived at his first destination (Shamash-Edom) on ca. 15 May 1452 BC; (3) Raamses II and his battalions of infantry and squads of chariotry, who departed for Kadesh in late April of ca. 1274 BC (Kenneth A. Kitchen, Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II [Warminster, Eng.: Aris & Phillips, 1982], 53); (4) Nabopolassar’s expedition against mountain tribes in the month of Sivan, or ca. May/June of 607 BC (D. J. Wiseman, Chronicles of the Chaldean Kings [London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1961], 65); and (5) Nebuchadnezzar’s expedition to Syria in Sivan of the first full year of his reign, or ca. 604 BC (Ibid., 28, 69). 113. Der Manuelian, Amenophis II, 59. As proven above, “seventh year” should be corrected to “third year.” 114. Vandersleyen, L’Egypte, vol. 2, 321. 115. Ibid., 324–325. 116. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, 163. 117. Ibid., 164. 118. Ibid. 119. Ibid., 165. 120. Ibid., 164. 121. John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville: Word, 1997), 198. 122. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, 408. 123. A notable exception to this trend is the Hyksos, the western Asiatics who overtook Egypt and controlled her commerce. The Royal Turin Canon, a papyrus that derives from Ramesside times and reflects a kinglist that was begun during the Middle Kingdom, fixes a 108-year rule (ca. 1668 to 1560 BC) for the Hyksos (Ibid., 107), who were driven out by the native Egyptians of the 17th Dynasty. Yet such documentation about the Hyksos is warranted, as they played a prominent role in Egyptian history, having produced pharaohs who ruled in place of the native Egyptians. Moreover, when Moses wrote that the Egyptians feared the possibility that the Hebrews “will multiply, and in the event of war, they will also join themselves to those who hate us, and fight against us and depart from the land” (Exod 1:10), he probably was referring to the Hyksos, who just beforehand had retreated to southern Canaan after their expulsion. 124. Kitchen, Reliability of the OT, 11. The Biblical text to which Kitchen alludes is 2 Chr 14:9–15. 125. Aharoni and Avi-Yonah, The Macmillan Atlas, 34. 126. Hallo and Simpson, Ancient Near East, 262. 127. Grimal, History of Ancient Egypt, 218. 128. Breasted, Ancient Records, vol. 2, 310. 129. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, 408. 130. Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 22; Pritchard, ANET, 247. 131. Pritchard laments, “Even though two of the figures give questionable readings, no clear alternatives will supply the total given on the stele” (Pritchard, ANET, 247). Although Pritchard does not elaborate, the “questionable readings” most likely are the 36,300 Kharu and the 30,652 family members of the Nagasuites/Neges. But since this part of the stele shows no sign of damage or repair, there is no reason to doubt these numbers. 132. “The total given, 89,600, is actually wrong, the correct total being 101,128!” (Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 22). 133. Ibid., 21; Pritchard, ANET, 239, 246; Hoffmeier, “The Annals of Thutmose III,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 12. These are the only campaigns of Thutmose III that list the amount of captives taken. 134. As Shea notes, “While some have questioned the very high number given here, if one looks at the needs for state labor right after the exodus, the number does not look so high after all” (Shea, “Amenhotep II as Pharaoh,” 47). 135. Ibid.; Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 22. The Prince of Shanhar, or Biblical Shinar, is to be equated with the King of Babylon (Pritchard, ANET, 247). 136. Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 22. 137. Barry J. Beitzel, “Habiru,” in ISBE, vol. 2, 588, 589. 138. Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 22. SA.GAZ, the Sumerian logographic equivalent of Habiru, and its variants are found in cuneiform texts from ca. 2500 BC to the 11th century BC. In light of this early attestation, many are unwilling to associate the Apiru of the 15th century BC with the Hebrews. However, Abram was known as a Hebrew in the 21st century BC (Gen 14:13), so the solution to the dilemma is that the two non-guttural consonants found in the triconsonantal root of ‘bri, the exact consonants that appear in Akkadian and Ugaritic (br, possibly meaning “cross over, go beyond”), are also found in “Eber” (Gen 10:21), the ancestor of Abram from whom the word undoubtedly derives. Thus Abram is one of numerous Eberite peoples, all of whom are known as Habiru due to their retention of Eber’s ancient namesake (R. F. Youngblood, “Amarna Tablets,” in ISBE, vol. 1 [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979], 108; Barry J. Beitzel, “Hebrew (People),” in ISBE, vol. 2, 657). 139. Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 22. 140. Pritchard, ANET, 247. 141. Bryant G. Wood, “One Thousand Years Missing from Biblical History? A Review of a New Theory,” Bible and Spade 6:4 (Aut 1993), 98. 142. Grimal, History of Ancient Egypt, 219. 143. Aharoni and Avi-Yonah, The Macmillan Atlas, 34. 144. Hoffmeier, Israel in Egypt, 124. 145. Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. 2, 22. 146. Yigael Yadin, Hazor: The Head of all those Kingdoms, The 1970 Schweich Lectures of the British Academy (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), 7–8. 147. Ibid., 8. 148. Amarna Letters, ed. and trans. Moran, 290, with modifications according to Yadin, Hazor: The Head, 8. 149. Ibid., 235, with modifications according to Yadin, Hazor: The Head, 8. 150. For a fuller treatment of the destructions of Hazor described in Joshua
So You Want To Be An Archaeologist?
Rosetta Stone Spanish
So You Want To Be An Archaeologist?
Rosetta Stone Spanish
Researching Ai
Tags: ai, joshua, maqatir, jericho, bethel, beth aven, beitin--> This article was first published in the Summer 2009 issue of Bible and Spade.After the Israelites defeated Jericho in the southern Jordan Valley, they then attacked the fortress of Ai in the highlands (Jos 7–8). Both of these sites have produced archaeological findings that have seemed to be in conflict with the Bible. Scholars have been quick to point out that these discrepancies lead to the conclusion that there was no Conquest as described in the book of Joshua. But is the problem with the Bible or with the interpretations of the archaeologists?After reviewing the archaeological findings at both Jericho and Ai, I believe the problem is faulty interpretation of the archaeological evidence, not the biblical record. As I have discussed in several articles, the difficulty with Jericho is that Kathleen Kenyon was wrong in her dating of the destruction level. With regard to Ai, the dilemma arises from the fact that the site has been incorrectly located. For an in-depth review of the misguided research on the location of Ai, see my recent article in Critical Issues in Early Israelite History (2008).Scholars had come to the conclusion, largely through the influence of W.F. Albright (1924), that Joshua’s Ai should be located at et-Tell, about 9 mi (15 km) north of Jerusalem. Et-Tell, however, does not meet the biblical requirements for Ai, the most obvious disagreement being that there was no occupation at the time of the Conquest. Et-Tell cannot be Joshua’s Ai for the following reasons: 1. There was no occupation at the time of the Conquest.2.There is no candidate for Beth-aven in the vicinity (Jos 7:2). 3. It lacks a shallow valley on the north side where Joshua and the diversionary force could have camped (Jos 8:13–14).4.And, at 27 acres in size,it is much larger than Gibeon when it should be smaller (Jos 10:2).David Livingston founded ABR in 1969 to investigate this problem. In 1979 he launched the excavation of Kh. Nisya, 2.4 mi (3.8 km) southwest of et-Tell, which he believed to be a promising candidate for Joshua’s Ai (2003). In 1985, a year before becoming a staff member of ABR, I participated in the excavation of Kh. Nisya. I was also part of the dig teams of 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994. In 1995 I initiated work at Kh. el-Maqatir, which I considered to be a more likely candidate for Joshua’s Ai. It is located 0.6 mi (1 km) west of et-Tell and 1.7 mi (2.8 km) northeast of Kh. Nisya.I “discovered” Kh. el-Maqatir while perusing a report on an Israeli survey in the area where Ai should be located. Pottery published from one of the sites, an unnamed site numbered 85, appeared possibly to be from the Late Bronze I period (ca. 1500–1400 BC), the time of the Conquest (Finkelstein and Magen 1993: 82). Site 85 was described as “Piles of stones cleared from fields; some walls protruding from them” (Finkelstein and Magen 1993: 22*). Adjacent to it, 55 yd (50 m) to the east was site 84, identified as a “Small ruin; traces of buildings; cisterns”
(Finkelstein and Magen 1993: 22*) named Kh. el-Mukatir or Kh. el-Maqatir
(Finkelstein and Magen 1993: 81). The geography of Kh. el-Maqatir, which meets the geographical requirements for Joshua’s Ai: near Beth-aven (=Beitin, Jos 7:2), east of Bethel (=El Bireh, Jos 7:2), Wadi Sheban is a good candidate for the ambush site between Bethel and Ai (Jos 8:9, 12), Jebel Abu Ammar north of Kh. el-Maqatir is the highest hill in the region and could have been the command center of the main army (Jos 8:1), Wadi el-Gayeh would be the shallow valley north of Ai where Joshua spent the night (Jos 8:13–14), and Kh. el-Maqatir is near Bethel (Jos 12:9).Subsequent investigation by ABR has revealed that site 84 is a Hasmonean fortress (second–first centuries BC), while site 85 is the west half of an earlier fortress dating to the time of Joshua. In collaboration with the Israel Antiquities Authority, we settled upon Kh. el-Maqatir as the official name of the site. In seven seasons of excavation, 1995–2000 and 2009, we have uncovered evidence that indicates the earlier fortress meets the archaeological requirements for Joshua’s Ai.When we conducted test probes at Kh. el-Maqatir in 1995, just to the east of the “piles of stones” reported in the Israeli survey, we discovered a gate socket stone on the surface and could see the outline of the west half of a gate belonging to the earlier fortress. Excavations since 1995 have clarified the piles of stones. A north-south line immediately to the west of the gate turned out to be covering the west wall of the Hasmonean fortress, a massive 16 ft (5 m) wide. Extending west from the Hasmonean wall is an east-west line of stones from the north wall of the earlier fortress, some 13 ft (4 m) in width. During the 2009 season we exposed the best-preserved-to-date segment of the early fortress wall, unmarked by a pile of stones, on the west side of the site, 12 ft (3.7 m) wide at its base and 4 ft (1.2 m) high. In addition to the outer walls of the fortress, we are slowly recovering the plan of a building complex just inside the gate, perhaps the administrative center of the fortress.Aerial view of the gate and north wall of the early fortress at Kh. el-Maqatir, looking east. The “piles of stones” reported in the Israeli survey of the site are seen covering the west wall of the Hasmonean fortress (center) and the north wall of the earlier fortress believed to date to the time of Joshua (lower right). Just to the east of the Hasmonean wall is the west chamber of the earlier fortress (center right). At the top of the photo can be seen unexcavated ruins of interior buildings of the Hasmonean fortress.BibliographyAlbright, William F.1924 Ai and Beth-Aven. Pp. 141–49 in Excavations and Results at Tell el-Fûl (Gibeah of Saul). The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 4, for 1922-1923, ed. Benjamin W. Bacon. New Haven CT: American Schools of Oriental Research.Finkelstein, Israel, and Magen, Yitzhak, eds.1993 Archaeological Survey of the Hill Country of Benjamin. Jerusalem: Antiquities Authority.Livingston, David P.2003 Khirbet Nisya: The Search for Biblical Ai 1979–2002. Manheim, PA: Associates for Biblical Research.Wood, Bryant G.2008 The Search for Joshua’s Ai. Pp. 205–40 in Critical Issues in Early Israelite History, ed. Richard S. Hess, Gerald A. Klingbeil, and Paul J. Ray Jr. Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns.See Dr. Wood explain the evidence pertaining to Joshua's Ai in this educational video: Finding the Lost City of Ai: Joshua 7-8 Bryant G. Wood, ABR Director of Research, is principal archaeologist and director of ABR’s excavation at Khirbet el-Maqatir. He has a MS in Nuclear Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a MA in Biblical History from the University of Michigan, and a PhD in Syro-Palestinian Archaeology from the University of Toronto.Join ABR in Israel in our Search for Joshua's Ai in 2011!
English Rosetta Stone
(Finkelstein and Magen 1993: 22*) named Kh. el-Mukatir or Kh. el-Maqatir
(Finkelstein and Magen 1993: 81). The geography of Kh. el-Maqatir, which meets the geographical requirements for Joshua’s Ai: near Beth-aven (=Beitin, Jos 7:2), east of Bethel (=El Bireh, Jos 7:2), Wadi Sheban is a good candidate for the ambush site between Bethel and Ai (Jos 8:9, 12), Jebel Abu Ammar north of Kh. el-Maqatir is the highest hill in the region and could have been the command center of the main army (Jos 8:1), Wadi el-Gayeh would be the shallow valley north of Ai where Joshua spent the night (Jos 8:13–14), and Kh. el-Maqatir is near Bethel (Jos 12:9).Subsequent investigation by ABR has revealed that site 84 is a Hasmonean fortress (second–first centuries BC), while site 85 is the west half of an earlier fortress dating to the time of Joshua. In collaboration with the Israel Antiquities Authority, we settled upon Kh. el-Maqatir as the official name of the site. In seven seasons of excavation, 1995–2000 and 2009, we have uncovered evidence that indicates the earlier fortress meets the archaeological requirements for Joshua’s Ai.When we conducted test probes at Kh. el-Maqatir in 1995, just to the east of the “piles of stones” reported in the Israeli survey, we discovered a gate socket stone on the surface and could see the outline of the west half of a gate belonging to the earlier fortress. Excavations since 1995 have clarified the piles of stones. A north-south line immediately to the west of the gate turned out to be covering the west wall of the Hasmonean fortress, a massive 16 ft (5 m) wide. Extending west from the Hasmonean wall is an east-west line of stones from the north wall of the earlier fortress, some 13 ft (4 m) in width. During the 2009 season we exposed the best-preserved-to-date segment of the early fortress wall, unmarked by a pile of stones, on the west side of the site, 12 ft (3.7 m) wide at its base and 4 ft (1.2 m) high. In addition to the outer walls of the fortress, we are slowly recovering the plan of a building complex just inside the gate, perhaps the administrative center of the fortress.Aerial view of the gate and north wall of the early fortress at Kh. el-Maqatir, looking east. The “piles of stones” reported in the Israeli survey of the site are seen covering the west wall of the Hasmonean fortress (center) and the north wall of the earlier fortress believed to date to the time of Joshua (lower right). Just to the east of the Hasmonean wall is the west chamber of the earlier fortress (center right). At the top of the photo can be seen unexcavated ruins of interior buildings of the Hasmonean fortress.BibliographyAlbright, William F.1924 Ai and Beth-Aven. Pp. 141–49 in Excavations and Results at Tell el-Fûl (Gibeah of Saul). The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 4, for 1922-1923, ed. Benjamin W. Bacon. New Haven CT: American Schools of Oriental Research.Finkelstein, Israel, and Magen, Yitzhak, eds.1993 Archaeological Survey of the Hill Country of Benjamin. Jerusalem: Antiquities Authority.Livingston, David P.2003 Khirbet Nisya: The Search for Biblical Ai 1979–2002. Manheim, PA: Associates for Biblical Research.Wood, Bryant G.2008 The Search for Joshua’s Ai. Pp. 205–40 in Critical Issues in Early Israelite History, ed. Richard S. Hess, Gerald A. Klingbeil, and Paul J. Ray Jr. Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns.See Dr. Wood explain the evidence pertaining to Joshua's Ai in this educational video: Finding the Lost City of Ai: Joshua 7-8 Bryant G. Wood, ABR Director of Research, is principal archaeologist and director of ABR’s excavation at Khirbet el-Maqatir. He has a MS in Nuclear Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a MA in Biblical History from the University of Michigan, and a PhD in Syro-Palestinian Archaeology from the University of Toronto.Join ABR in Israel in our Search for Joshua's Ai in 2011!
English Rosetta Stone
2011年3月9日星期三
10 Mar 11 Culture and business proposition
Culture and business propositionBy: foxhats .... Click author's name to view profile and articles!!!Retargeting by ChangoTweet 2009, in domestic industries deeply international financial crisis, Chinese female outfit industry two industrial base, shenzhen and hangzhou is not the great influence, which results from two local industry development of mature. Hangzhou costume designer, chairman of the association QianFeng said: "after the financial crisis, everybody the mentality of the change, happiness and joy bee dominant hangzhou women's dress culture core. Only the unique cultural industries of hangzhou women's dress can attain sustainable development."2009 on December 11, with fashionable discourse and in new business models for the theme of the China textile innovation annual meeting, the Chinese fashionable alliance formally established. China's fashion with textile clothing brand alliance as main body, through lifestyle survey, popular trend research and release, channel enterprises such as methods to realize China fashion ideas globalization convey.June 2010, Shanghai fashion capital construction symposium held in Shanghai, the organizer mittee is considering economy and informationization creative industries and will the fashion industry as the next round of the development of Shanghai industries important part to include "1025" planning. Meeting, China textile industry association, deputy chairman of the organizing mittee of the Chinese fashionable alliance SunRuiZhe points out, 2009 China domestic social retail sales reach 12.5 trillion yuan, a 2008 has increased by more than 25%, China's domestic market potential is tremendous. The domestic demand for Chinese brand exuberant growth provides sufficient space.Industry development, brand petition has jumped into the cultural level. By 2010, international luxury brand love MaShi market in China launched a new brand "fluctuation," the brand by China famous designer team, led by responsible embodies Chinese culture brand. How Chinese brand in the Chinese market from the capital, mercial channels, design and brand culture and foreign brand petition has once again bee the industry's agenda.2010 JEFEN brand building, at this moment, stylist 10th anniversary in Paris XieFeng launched JEFEN By Frankie fashion brands regression Chinese native development, and gradually spread important mercial region arrangement. Same clothing designer wu3 xue2 kay to stylist brand development in China with confidence. "Future designer brands will bee the focus of the market, influence and change the whole business structure." XieFeng said China to deep spiritual and philosophical and aesthetic is its brand soul. "In the next ten years, we have to do is not only affect the life of people, but rather through Chinese culture and Chinese philosophy and Chinese spirit entered the world people's hearts."Relevant linkThe China textile industry is the 11th five-year development outline "put forward" 11th five-year "development key tasks and dress design industry related parts:Increased structural adjustments, promote industrial upgradingClothing industry: increase, accelerate the independent brand construction, attracting garment internationalized design talents, improving product design capability, Strengthen product design and marketing, Actively looking for international market breakthrough, utilizing international marketing means, improve own-brand export proportion, strive to 2010 formation several with international influence of autonomous well-known brand...Cultivating with international influence of independent brandsOur country textile clothing independent brand construction should be gradual, execute stable low end the market, expand the market breaks high-end market, the development ideas, To establish and perfect the intellectual property rights and brands protection mechanism, strengthen the construction of textile and apparel independent brand efforts, the strengthened enterprise brand awareness, Enlarge profession product design, marketing aspects of strength, encourage and support the enterprises to actively develop overseas trademark registration, the international quality management system, environmental management system certification, Encourage textile, key area through the establishment of industrial innovation and play the role of public service platform, create an industry-wide or area-wide public brand, The key support batch in brand design, technology rd, marketing network construction advantages in terms of enterprise; To establish and expand international marketing channel, optimizing export product structure, strengthening our independent brand of international petitiveness, improve the textile and clothing export the proportion of independent brand products.Article Source: abcarticledirectory brandaaaFox-hat_104.html Fox Hats brandaaaNew-Era-Hat_63.html wholesale new era hats brandaaaRed-bull-hat_128.html Red Bull Hats brandaaaLos-Angeles-Stars-hat_112.html la hats brandaaaNew-Era-Hat_63.html Bassketball Hats Note: The content of this article solely conveys the opinion of its author, foxhatsRetargeting by ChangoDid You Like This Article? Share It With YourFriends!Please Rate this Article 5 out of 54 out of 53 out of 52 out of 51 out of 5 Not yet Rated Click the XML Icon to Receive Free Articles About Auditing via RSS!Additional Articles From - Home Accounting AuditingWhat you need to know about Auditing from the experts.- By : john newportNavigating Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions- By : Sawyer AdamsAbout The National Association Of Enrolled Agents (NAEA)- By : Sawyer AdamsThe History Of Enrolled Agents- By : Sawyer AdamsThe Canon Sd780is Black Silver Gold Red - Very Nice Christmas Gift- By : ArticleSubmit AutoIRS Increasing Enforcement Activity- By : Sawyer AdamsDestination Military Surplus Products- By : Ali Khan5 Tips For Getting The Right Health Insurance For Your Needs- By : danica12 Quick Tips For Eye Shadow- By : Ali Khan10 Simple Steps To A Clearer Skin- By : Ali Khan Still Searching? Last Chance to find what you're looking for. Try using Bing Search!
2011年3月5日星期六
5 Mar 11 Finding An Affiliate Program That Works For You
Finding An Affiliate Program That Works For YouBy: Daniel Alan .... Click author's name to view profile and articles!!!Retargeting by ChangoTweet Okay, so you're looking for an affiliate program that actually works for YOU? There are of course many ways to go about doing this, but I would say the most simple NHL Shop
way would be by making a comparison chart.You have the compare programs and decide which one will be the most profitable for you. Compare payouts, compare payment frequency, compare how trusted the network is with their payments, and probably the most important one to consider is CONVERSION RATIO.If you send three hundred people to that page and it doesn't convert into any sales guess what? You need to switch to promoting something else. Some sites are able to convert 1/20 visitors into buyers (mine, as an example). These are the things you have to think about as a potential affiliate.One thing that is, surprisingly, overlooked as well yet is HUGE in making money as an affiliate marketing. Your niche. The niche you are marketing to should be carefully selected. We talk about conversion ratios and this stems from the people that you deliver to the site actually being interested in the topic. Give me one visitor that's into my niche over twenty that aren't any day. These turn into sales, and in turn, money in your pocket.So make a pros and cons list, or a comparison chart. Far too many people that I see just blindly go into whichever affiliate program they see without really thinking it through or comparing other programs. This step truly is a much bigger part of your success than you realize right now. If you don't pick the proper affiliate program for your needs then you will die like the rest of the failed affiliates. I cannot stress that point to you enough.Your comparison chart should lay each program out something like this:Conversion Ratio:Payout per sale:Niche:Network:Frequency of Payments/How long it takes:In other words, by looking at the programs on paper you can easily pick out which one may be better for you and what you are trying to accomplish in the field of Vancouver Canucks jersey
being an affiliate marketer. You can't take the decision of what affiliate program to promote lightly, because it will determine your success or demise in this business. And let's face it here and now, success breeds success. I guarantee at least fifty percent of all affiliate marketers who failed picked the wrong program for them, and it left them unmotivated and defeated.You can succeed, I know it. You simply have to know what you want and create a plan that works in order to get it.Best of luck to you!Article Source: http://www.shop-on-sale.com Daniel Alan is the creator of the Perfect Path To Wealth system and an expert at making money online.The Perfect Path To Wealth Affiliate Program is one of the best choices for affiliate marketing offering $33.90 per sale, which is a 75% commission. It is one of the best converting programs around and is free to join.Note: The content of this article solely conveys the opinion of its author, Daniel AlanRetargeting by ChangoDid You Like This Article? Share It With YourFriends!Please Rate this Article 5 out of 54 out of 53 out of 52 out of 51 out of 5 Not yet Rated Click the XML Icon to Receive Free Articles About Affiliate Programs What Cloth Diaper Provides The Top Match For Newborns?- By : mirtagaylWhat is Affiliate Marketing and Why You Should Do It?- By : James A AndersonEarning Money Quickly With Email Marketing - True or False?- By : chad buistMoney Creating Tips For Individuals Involved In An Online Affiliate Marketing Home Business- By : Johnny BarrellGlobal Success Canucks jersey
Club And How To Make Money Online- By : Don SeanMake Cash Over The Internet With Affiliate Marketing- By : Leroy WheelerWhich Affiliate Networks To Look Out For When Promoting ?- By : Elsa Braxton Still Searching? Last Chance to find what you're looking for. Try using Bing Search!
way would be by making a comparison chart.You have the compare programs and decide which one will be the most profitable for you. Compare payouts, compare payment frequency, compare how trusted the network is with their payments, and probably the most important one to consider is CONVERSION RATIO.If you send three hundred people to that page and it doesn't convert into any sales guess what? You need to switch to promoting something else. Some sites are able to convert 1/20 visitors into buyers (mine, as an example). These are the things you have to think about as a potential affiliate.One thing that is, surprisingly, overlooked as well yet is HUGE in making money as an affiliate marketing. Your niche. The niche you are marketing to should be carefully selected. We talk about conversion ratios and this stems from the people that you deliver to the site actually being interested in the topic. Give me one visitor that's into my niche over twenty that aren't any day. These turn into sales, and in turn, money in your pocket.So make a pros and cons list, or a comparison chart. Far too many people that I see just blindly go into whichever affiliate program they see without really thinking it through or comparing other programs. This step truly is a much bigger part of your success than you realize right now. If you don't pick the proper affiliate program for your needs then you will die like the rest of the failed affiliates. I cannot stress that point to you enough.Your comparison chart should lay each program out something like this:Conversion Ratio:Payout per sale:Niche:Network:Frequency of Payments/How long it takes:In other words, by looking at the programs on paper you can easily pick out which one may be better for you and what you are trying to accomplish in the field of Vancouver Canucks jersey
being an affiliate marketer. You can't take the decision of what affiliate program to promote lightly, because it will determine your success or demise in this business. And let's face it here and now, success breeds success. I guarantee at least fifty percent of all affiliate marketers who failed picked the wrong program for them, and it left them unmotivated and defeated.You can succeed, I know it. You simply have to know what you want and create a plan that works in order to get it.Best of luck to you!Article Source: http://www.shop-on-sale.com Daniel Alan is the creator of the Perfect Path To Wealth system and an expert at making money online.The Perfect Path To Wealth Affiliate Program is one of the best choices for affiliate marketing offering $33.90 per sale, which is a 75% commission. It is one of the best converting programs around and is free to join.Note: The content of this article solely conveys the opinion of its author, Daniel AlanRetargeting by ChangoDid You Like This Article? Share It With YourFriends!Please Rate this Article 5 out of 54 out of 53 out of 52 out of 51 out of 5 Not yet Rated Click the XML Icon to Receive Free Articles About Affiliate Programs What Cloth Diaper Provides The Top Match For Newborns?- By : mirtagaylWhat is Affiliate Marketing and Why You Should Do It?- By : James A AndersonEarning Money Quickly With Email Marketing - True or False?- By : chad buistMoney Creating Tips For Individuals Involved In An Online Affiliate Marketing Home Business- By : Johnny BarrellGlobal Success Canucks jersey
Club And How To Make Money Online- By : Don SeanMake Cash Over The Internet With Affiliate Marketing- By : Leroy WheelerWhich Affiliate Networks To Look Out For When Promoting ?- By : Elsa Braxton Still Searching? Last Chance to find what you're looking for. Try using Bing Search!